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Commonly, an infinitive is used with the subject it. The
sentence structure is "It is
+ infinitive.…" It refers to the infinitive. This expression is used in
many ways.
Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a
variety of ways. Gerunds and infinitives can follow certain verbs but not
others. You need to remember which verbs can be followed by only a gerund or only
an infinitive.
Verbs that can precede only gerunds: consider, suggest, enjoy, deny, avoid, miss, mind, practice, postpone, resist, finish, quit, give up, put off Verbs that can precede only infinitives: offer, decide, hope, attempt, promise, agree, afford, deserve, refuse, undertake, learn, fail, seem, appear, tend, pretend, choose, demand, desire, guarantee, claim, manage, determine, expect, want, wish Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives without changing meanings: continue, like, love, begin, start, propose, neglect, stand, hate Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives but change meanings: forget, remember, stop, try [Quiz 16.1] Fill in the blanks. 1) I decided (leave) the job. 2) She pretended (know) me. 3) He desires (be) a professor. 4) The company considered (sell) its main building. 5) I expect (win) at this game. 6) Do you enjoy (take) care of your pet? 7) She hopes (go) on a vacation. 8) Did you fail (pass) the exam? 9) They want me (take) this position. 10) It is great (hear) that they agreed (share) the land. View Answers
[16.1]
1) to leave 2) to know 3) to be 4) selling 5) to win 6) taking 7) to go 8) to pass 9) to take 10) to hear, to share |
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Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active
voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a
do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It
is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence.
Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action.
Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in
writing. However, in some cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the
action, not the actor. Also, passive voice can be considered more polite, as
it sounds less aggressive or dramatic.
You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence.
The object in the active sentence becomes a subject in the passive sentence.
The verb is changed to a “be” verb + past participle. The subject of the
active sentence follows by or is omitted.
[Quiz 17.1] Rewrite the following sentence in passive voice. John gave me a bunch of flowers on my birthday. [Quiz 17.2] Choose the sentences written incorrectly in the passive voice. 1) I was eaten an ice cream. 2) The song was sung by a singer. 3) I was deceived by the TV program. 4) The concert was finished at 12 p.m. 5) He was written a novel. 6) The tennis match was aired on TV. 7) He was treated kindly. 8) I have been managed a company since 2004. View Answers
[17.1]
I was given a bunch of flowers on my birthday by John. OR A bunch of flowers was given to me on my birthday by John. [17.2] 1) I ate an ice cream. 5) He wrote a novel. 8) I have managed a company since 2004. |
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A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is saying.
Indicative Mood states an actuality or fact.
Imperative Mood makes a
request.
Subjunctive Mood
expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an
"if" clause.
The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask,
recommend, suggest, wish, insist, order, commend, request, and demand. A verb
in the subjunctive mood may have a different form. The subjunctive for the
present tense third-person singular drops the s or es so that it looks and
sounds like the present tense for everything else. In the subjunctive mood,
the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless
of what the subject is.
(The verb follows ‘if’ and expresses a non-factual condition.) (The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It suggests a non-factual or doubtful condition.) [Quiz 18.1] Write the correct form of the verb given. 1) I insist that Jennifer (finish) her meal. 2) She suggests that the office (be) closed today. 3) If I (be) you, I would win the game. 4) I wish I (can) fly. [Quiz 18.2] Choose the correct sentence from the following. 1) I wish I was able to buy this car. 2) It were recommended that the company closes its foreign offices. 3) If Jack were 17 years old, he would apply for the university. 4) Our manager insists that the group is reorganized. View Answers
[18.1]
1) finish 2) be 3) were 4) could [18.2] 3 Correct sentences for 1, 2, and 4: 1) I wish I would be able to buy this car 2) It was recommended that the company closed its foreign offices. 4) Our manager insists that the group be reorganized. |
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An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called
a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in
different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have,
will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.
The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as
a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb. The following examples show these
verbs used as auxiliary verbs.
1. "Be" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in progressive sentences:
b. Used in passive sentences:
2. "Do" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in negative sentences:
b. Used in questions:
3. "Have" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in perfect sentences: [Quiz 19.1] Identify all auxiliary verbs in the following paragraph. I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason. [Quiz 19.2] Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary verbs? 1) I didn’t have any reason to go there. 2) Have we practiced this song enough? 3) Three seats have been reserved for us. 4) I am a professor in the economics department. View Answers
[19.1]
I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason. [19.2] Sentence 4 (the verb am is used as the main verb) |
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The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might,
and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as
auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.
Will
Used to express desire, preference, choice, or consent:
Used to express the future:
Used to express capacity or capability:
Used to express determination, insistence, or persistence:
Would (past form of will)
Often used in auxiliary functions with rather to express
preference:
Used to express a wish or desire:
Used to express contingency or possibility:
Used to express routine or habitual things:
Shall
Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it
has more usages in British English). For the future tense, will is more
frequently used in American English than shall.
Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation or requirement:
Should (past form of shall)
Often used in auxiliary functions to express an opinion,
suggestion, preference, or idea:
Used to express that you wish something had happened but it
didn’t or couldn’t (should + have + past participle):
Used to ask for someone’s opinion:
Used to say something expected or correct:
[Quiz 20.1] Fill in the blanks using an appropriate auxiliary verb. 1) I leave now. It is too late. 2) You have seen him. His dance was amazing. 3) we have lunch together? 4) I like a cup of tea, please. 5) we read the email? View Answers
[20.1]
1) should 2) should 3) Shall 4) would 5) Should |
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The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might,
and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as
auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.
Will
Used to express desire, preference, choice, or consent:
Used to express the future:
Used to express capacity or capability:
Used to express determination, insistence, or persistence:
Would (past form of will)
Often used in auxiliary functions with rather to express preference:
Used to express a wish or desire:
Used to express contingency or possibility:
Used to express routine or habitual things:
Shall
Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it
has more usages in British English). For the future tense, will is more
frequently used in American English than shall.
Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation or
requirement:
Should (past form of shall)
Often used in auxiliary functions to express an opinion,
suggestion, preference, or idea:
Used to express that you wish something had happened but it
didn’t or couldn’t (should + have + past participle):
Used to ask for someone’s opinion:
Used to say something expected or correct:
[Quiz 20.1] Fill in the blanks using an appropriate auxiliary verb. 1) I leave now. It is too late. 2) You have seen him. His dance was amazing. 3) we have lunch together? 4) I like a cup of tea, please. 5) we read the email? View Answers
[20.1]
1) should 2) should 3) Shall 4) would 5) Should |
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A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase to some other part of the sentence.
Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.
A preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or
to introduce an object.
Here are a few common prepositions and examples. On
Used to express a surface of something:
Used to specify days and dates:
Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or
computer:
Used to indicate a part of the body:
Used to indicate the state of something:
At
Used to point out specific time:
Used to indicate a place:
Used to indicate an email address:
Used to indicate an activity:
In
Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:
Used to indicate a location or place:
Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:
Used to express while doing something:
Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:
[Quiz 22.1] Identify all prepositions in the following sentences. After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine. [Quiz 22.2] Choose a correct preposition in the sentence. 1) I want to lose 5 kilogram (on, at, in) one month. 2) Could you get me this pants (on, at, in) a larger size? 3) She seems to be interested (on, at, in) Psychology. 4) I will come to pick you up (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow. 5) This class will be held (on, at, in) Mondays. View Answers
[22.1]
After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine. [22.2] 1) in 2) in 3) in 4) at 5) on |
Of
Used for belonging to, relating to, or connected with:
Used to indicate reference:
Used to indicate an amount or number:
To
Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or
something moves toward, or the direction of something:
Used to indicate a limit or an ending point:
Used to indicate relationship:
Used to indicate a time or a period:
For
Used to indicate the use of something:
Used to mean because of:
Used to indicate time or duration:
[Quiz 23.1] Choose the correct preposition in each sentence. 1) I slept (of, to, for) only two hours last night. 2) It was my first trip (of, to, for) Hawaii. 3) Turn off the TV and go straight (of, to, for) bed. 4) This book was written (of, to, for) the people who want to learn how to play a guitar. 5) I was late (of, to, for) school. 6) Spencer is one (of, to, for) my best friends. View Answers
[23.1]
1) for 2) to 3) to 4) for 5) for 6) of |
With
Used to indicate being together or being involved:
Used to indicate "having":
Used to indicate "using":
Used to indicate feeling:
Used to indicate agreement or understanding:
Over
Used to indicate movement from one place to another:
Used to indicate movement downward:
Used to indicate more than an expected number or amount:
Used to indicate a period of time:
By
Used to indicate proximity:
Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive
voice sentence:
Used to indicate an action with a particular purpose:
Used to indicate a mean or method:
[Quiz 24.1] Choose the correct preposition in each sentence. 1) If she left at 4 p.m., she should be here (with, over, by) now. 2) Go (with, over, by) there and catch my ball. 3) (With, Over, By) your determination, you will be able to achieve your dream. 4) I just found it! It was (with, over, by) the radio on my desk. 5) I knocked him (with, over, by) accidentally. 6) She was (with, over, by) me when the accident occurred. View Answers
[24.1]
1) by 2) over 3) With 4) by 5) over 6) with |
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A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.
There are three types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions a. Connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal b. and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not 2. Correlative Conjunctions a. Used in pairs b. both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also 3. Subordinating Conjunctions a. Used at the beginning of subordinate clauses b. although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when, while, where, whether, etc. Coordinating Conjunctions
1. And—means "in addition to":
2. But—connects two different things that are not in agreement:
3. Or—indicates a choice between two things:
4. So—illustrates a result of the first thing:
5. For—means "because":
6. Yet—indicates contrast with something:
Correlative Conjunctions
1. Both/and
2. Either/or
3. Neither/nor
4. Not only/but also
[Quiz 25.1] Write the correct conjunction in each sentence. 1) my friend I are taking the geography class. 2) Do you want to go swimming golfing? 3) I studied grammar for a long time, I still make mistakes. 4) wood bricks can be used as homebuilding materials. 5) I wasn’t feeling well this morning, I had to go to work. View Answers
[25.1]
1) Both, and 2) or 3) but (yet) 4) Either, or 5) yet (but) |
Subordinating Conjunctions
1. Although—means "in spite of the fact that":
2. After—indicates "subsequently to the time when":
3. Before—indicates "earlier than the time that":
4. Because—means "for the reason that":
5. How—means "the way in which":
6. If—means "in the event that":
7. Once—indicates "at the moment when":
8. Since—means "from the time when":
9. So that—means "in order to":
10. Until—means "up to the time that":
11. Unless—means "except, on the condition":
12. When—means "at that time":
13. While—means "during the time":
14. Where—indicates "in the place":
15. Whether—means "if it is true or not":
[Quiz 26.1] Fill in the blanks with an appropriate conjunction. 1) Could you email me you receive the offer? 2) I want to buy it it is expensive or not. 3) Don’t do that I allow it. 4) you are confident with it, you should go for it. 5) I didn’t enroll this semester I could go backpacking in Europe. 6) My neighbor’s cat has been missing last Friday. 7) I own a house, I am required to pay property taxes. View Answers
[26.1]
1) when 2) whether 3) unless 4) If 5) so that 6) since 7) Because |
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Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into
one sentence. A conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence.
When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it.
Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly, also,
besides, consequently, finally, however, indeed, instead, likewise,
meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, still, therefore, then,
etc.
Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions (and,
but, or, so, for, yet, nor); however, they are not as strong as coordinating
conjunctions and they are punctuated differently.
A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma (,) is used to separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence. [Quiz 27.1] Choose the right conjunctive adverb for the sentence. 1) Hurry up; , you will be late for the train. 2) I studied hard for the exam; , I failed. 3) Tom is a sportsman; , his brother Tom is athletic. 4) He didn’t go to college. , he started his own business. 5) He is not good-looking. , he is popular among girls. View Answers
[27.1]
1) otherwise 2) however 3) likewise 4) Instead 5) Nevertheless |
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The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.
Indefinite Articles—a, an an—used before singular count nouns beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound:
a—used before singular count nouns beginning with consonants
(other than a, e, i, o, u):
Definite Article—the
Can be used before singular and plural, count and non-count nouns 1. Indefinite Article (a, an)
Used before singular nouns that are unspecified:
Used before number collectives and some numbers:
Used before a singular noun followed by a restrictive modifier:
Used with nouns to form adverbial phrases of quantity, amount,
or degree:
2. Definite Article (the)
Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously
specified in the context:
Used to indicate a noun that is unique:
Used to designate a natural phenomenon:
Used to refer to a time period:
Used to indicate all the members of a family:
[Quiz 28.1] Choose the correct article in each sentence. 1) Did you bring (a, an, the) umbrella? 2) Are you looking for (a, an, the) shampoo? 3) I checked (a, an, the) mailbox again. 4) Can I have (a, an, the) spoon please? 5) I was born into (a, an, the) poor family. 6) She will come back in (a, an, the) hour. 7) Have you been to (a, an, the) Space Needle Tower in Seattle? 8) I would love to talk to one of (a, an, the) managers. 9) What (a, an, the) amazing view! 10) The helicopter landed on (a, an, the) roof of a building. View Answers
[28.1]
1) an 2) the 3) the 4) a 5) a 6) an 7) the 8) the 9) an 10) the |
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An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion.
It can be used as filler. Interjections do not have a grammatical function in
the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an
interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone.
When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation
mark (!). A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion.
Interjections do the following: 1. Express a feeling—wow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh:
2. Say yes or no—yes, no, nope:
3. Call attention—yo, hey:
4. Indicate a pause—well, um, hmm:
[Quiz 29.1]
What should be B’s expression? A: I got a perfect score on the math exam. B: (Well. Wow! or Um.) [Quiz 29.2] What should be C’s expression? C: ! (Nope, Hey, or Geez) My computer just broke. View Answers
[29.1]
Wow! [29.2] Geez |
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Capitalization means using a capital letter (for example, A
instead of a). The use of capital letters helps readers read your writing
without confusion.
Always capitalize the following: The first word in a sentence.
The pronoun I.
The first letter of a proper noun (specific name).
The first letter of months, days, and holidays (but not
seasons).
The first letter of nationalities, religions, races of people,
and languages.
The first letter in a person’s title.
Geographic areas: cities, states, countries, mountains, oceans,
rivers, etc.
Historical periods.
The first letter of each major word in the title of a book,
movie, article, etc.
[Quiz 30.1] Correctly write each sentence using proper capitalization. 1) i was born in shanghai, china, but grew up in the united states. 2) mrs. ohana gave me the bible. 3) if you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see mt. rocky. 4) my family will have a summer vacation in hawaii. 5) I didn’t want to cook tonight, so I just ordered thai food for dinner. View Answers
[30.1]
1) I was born in Shanghai, China, but grew up in the United States. 2) Mrs. Ohana gave me the Bible. 3) If you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see Mt. Rocky. 4) My family will have a summer vacation in Hawaii. 5) I didn’t want to cook tonight, so I just ordered Thai food for dinner. |
